Diabetes is a pathology associated with the endocrine disease group.It is related to diseases of glucose assimilation process.Due to the absolute or relative insulin deficiency - hormones are responsible for their processing.In patients with diabetes, hyperglycemia is found.
This condition is characterized by a continuous increase in glucose in plasma.Patients violate all types of metabolism: water salts, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals.The disease has a chronic course.Diabetes is a common disease.It is found in nearly 6% of the world's population.
Causes of diabetes
Patients with the first and second types of diabetes have different reasons for the development of patients.The first disease was detected in young patients under 30 years of age.Insulin production occurs when the pancreas destroys the pancreas due to autoimmunity.What followed was the destruction of insulin in ß cells.
In most patients, this pathology occurs after viral infection.The most common are mumps, indigenous rubella, viral hepatitis.This pathological condition can also develop after the toxic effects of the following substances on the human body: nitrosamines, pesticides, and some drugs.
These substances help to occur in violation of immune responses and autoimmune responses.The effect of immune cell changes on the pancreas Lange Islands leads to its death.In this regard, insulin production is reduced.This develops when more than 80% of cells are affected.
In the second disease, all cells are insensitivity to insulin.Insulin levels in plasma are normal or increased, but cells do not perceive it.Most of these diabetes patients.Glucose tolerance occurs due to the following reasons:
- Genetic tendency.Such patients have relatives with diabetes.If both parents suffer, the possibility of inheriting their tendencies will increase to 70%.
- obesity.There are a lot of fat tissue in the body, and their sensitivity to insulin is reduced.
- Irrational Nutrition.With the advantages of simple carbohydrates and the lack of fiber in foods, the risk of diabetes increases.
- Cardiovascular Pathology.Severe forms of these diseases - atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension lead to an increase in tissue insulin resistance.
- Chronic stress.In this state, the levels of catecholamines and glucocorticoids increased.This helps the development of diabetes.
- Take some medications.Drugs that increase the risk of diabetes include: synthetic glucocorticoids, diuretics, part of antihypertensive drugs, and cell inhibitors.
- Chronic inadequacy of the adrenal cortex.The disease increases the risk of tissue insulin resistance.
As a result, glucose penetrates into the cells and the levels in the blood increase.
Symptoms of diabetes
- thirst for longing;
- Rapid urination can lead to dehydration;
- Dry mouth
- Increase fatigue;
- universal weakness;
- Slight skin lesions heal slowly;
- Vomit;
- Constant disgusting;
- the smell of acetone from the patient;
- Responsibilities for breathing;
- Heartbeat;
- Itchy skin;
- Lose weight quickly;
- Urinate frequently;
- Reduce vision.
When these signs appear, you should consult your doctor immediately to test your blood sugar levels.
Types of diabetes
Pathology, depending on the cause, is divided into several types.The following types of diseases are distinguished: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, specific forms and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes
This type of option 1 occurs in the body with a lack of insulin production.This is a hormone that regulates glucose metabolism in tissues.The development of the autoimmune response leads to damage to the beta cells of the pancreas.
The immune system is damaged and it produces antibodies to the body's own tissues.This occurs after viral infection, severe stress and other adverse factors.
This disease usually occurs in young people and children.The disease broke out suddenly.Its symptoms are obvious because the cells quickly find themselves in a state of hunger.Very high glucose is detected, usually reaching 30 mmol/L in the blood.
One variant of multiple diseases is considered LADA diabetes.This is autoimmune diabetes that occurs in adults, with characteristic underlying diabetes.For him, blood and normal weight insulin is typically reduced.
Type 2 diabetes
Insulin secretion will not be affected for type 2 diabetes.In the blood, the levels of this hormone are too high.Cells in the body lose their sensitivity to the effects of substances.In patients, insulin resistance develops.Of all identified patients with diabetes, about 90% are patients with the second disease.40 years later, this version of diabetes often develops among obese people.
Among the concomitant diseases, there are: atherosclerosis and arterial hypertension.The disease gradually attacks.It has few symptoms.Glucose levels rose moderately.No antibodies were detected for pancreatic cells.When complications occur, this condition causes the patient to be late to the doctor.
Complications of diabetes
Separation of acute and chronic complications of the disease.Acute complications develop rapidly and require emergency hospitalization.These include the following statuses:
- Hypoglycemia.In this state, the glucose level is greatly reduced.It occurs when excessive insulin, an inappropriate diet, and when the body is strained.The patient's feeling of hunger, trembling in his hands, dizziness, sweating, and aggressiveness.Then the consciousness was broken.
- Ketoacidosis.With that, the level of glucose is growing.It does not enter the cells and accumulates in the blood.Decreased appetite, dryness, and thirst show this.The smell of acetone comes from the patient.Chaos appear, drowsy.
- High permeability coma.It is characterized by increasing blood sugar as overall dehydration.
- lactic acidic coma.Diseases in the respiratory and cardiovascular system due to oxygen starvation occur, which occurs in the elderly.
Patients with signs of these pathological conditions require immediate medical care.
Among advanced complications, lesions of the blood vessels and nervous system were observed.Diabetic vascular disease is a massive failure of blood vessels.It extends to containers of any diameter.Microscopic lesions can lead to the emergence of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy.Large diseases are eye-catching in the blood vessels of the lower limbs, the brain and the arteries.
Diagnosis of diabetes
If this disease is suspected, the following studies are prescribed:
- Blood sugar level;
- Urine analysis of glucose and ketone bodies;
- Glycosylated hemoglobin test;
- C peptide in the blood;
- Stress test (determine glucose tolerance).
To identify complications, ultrasound scans of the kidneys, EEGs of the brain, rheumatoid photography and posterior blood vessels in the legs were prescribed.
Treatment of diabetes
The execution of the doctor's prescription should be strictly observed.Blood sugar and medications are performed through this disease.These measures slow down the pathological process and avoid complications.
Pathological treatment means a decrease in blood sugar, as well as normalization of metabolism and prevent the development of complications.
Diabetes diet
Diet therapy is the basis of treatment.Taking into account weight, age, physical exercise level, diet was started.Teach patients the principle of calculating the calorie content of dishes and should contain all the nutrients required.
| What can be eaten | You can't eat it |
|---|---|
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*This table lists an incomplete list of products.To compile a correct and complete diet, consult an expert.
Dietary principles for this disease:
- It is necessary to remove products that rapidly increase blood sugar concentration.This is a high content of starch, sugar, and fructose.
- Reduce total calories.The energy value of a dish is the number of calories spent.
- It is necessary to observe the six-pill diet.
With diabetes, it is important to eat food regularly.If the patient insists on eating, it will only help you improve the patient's condition.In the form of mild disease, only power correction is bypassed.
It is best to use low-calorie foods.They should be rich in protein, plant fiber and dietary fiber.
Limit products that contain a lot of animal fat, fast carbohydrates, fructose.Clear all products with a high glycemic index.Alcohol in diabetes is also prohibited.
Insulin Therapy
The introduction of insulin was carried out according to a plan recommended by a doctor.At the same time, the glucose level is systematically controlled.Insulin is divided into three types: short-term effect, long-term time, and intermediate.
Take the medication once a day for a long time.A separate option for using intermediate and short insulin allows you to compensate for the disease.
Self-controlled blood sugar levels
Self-control of blood sugar content every day.Modern glucose meter lets you do this anywhere - work from home and at work.The device helps to develop a balanced diet, develop a physical exercise plan, and determine the timing of insulin and medication.This measurement indicates hypoglycemia and helps maintain normal glucose concentrations.
Sahara
Sugar-powder in tablets is the second type of diabetes that serves as a dietary supplement.Such groups are distinguished:
- Derivatives of sulfonyl mocevin- Stimulates the secretion of insulin in the islet and promotes glucose penetration into cells;
- Biguanides- Reduce glucose absorption in the intestinal wall;
- Giant litinides- Lower sugar levels and stimulate insulin secretion;
- Alpha - glucosidase inhibitor- Slows the growth of sugar levels and inactivates the enzyme's absorption of starch;
- Thiazolide- Reduce the amount of sugar released from hepatocytes and improves cell sensitivity to insulin.
For diabetes, it is important to control the patient's health and condition to avoid drastic changes in glucose levels.
Prevent diabetes
A constant observation of diabetes patients with endocrinologists is required, and he will help organize the right lifestyle, diet and necessary treatments.It is important to prevent the development of acute and chronic complications.Patients with type I diabetes are advised to increase the body's resistance to infection, while patients with type II are not allowed to be obese.
in conclusion
Diabetes is classified as a serious disease.In the absence of treatment, serious complications can develop life-threatening.If symptoms of sugar occur, you should consult a doctor instead of self-study.